
            <style>
			.QTLCorrectStyle2			{
				background:left no-repeat url(https://animalpeopleforum.org/beyondhuman/wp-content/plugins/quiz-tool-lite/images/icons/correct/tick1.png) !important;
			}
			.QTLIncorrectStyle2			{				
				background:left no-repeat url(https://animalpeopleforum.org/beyondhuman/wp-content/plugins/quiz-tool-lite/images/icons/incorrect/cross1.png) !important;
			}
			</style>            
            
            
            <style>
			.QTLCorrectStyle4			{
				background:left no-repeat url(https://animalpeopleforum.org/beyondhuman/wp-content/plugins/quiz-tool-lite/images/icons/correct/tick1.png) !important;
			}
			.QTLIncorrectStyle4			{				
				background:left no-repeat url(https://animalpeopleforum.org/beyondhuman/wp-content/plugins/quiz-tool-lite/images/icons/incorrect/cross1.png) !important;
			}
			</style>            
            
            
            <style>
			.QTLCorrectStyle5			{
				background:left no-repeat url(https://animalpeopleforum.org/beyondhuman/wp-content/plugins/quiz-tool-lite/images/icons/correct/tick1.png) !important;
			}
			.QTLIncorrectStyle5			{				
				background:left no-repeat url(https://animalpeopleforum.org/beyondhuman/wp-content/plugins/quiz-tool-lite/images/icons/incorrect/cross1.png) !important;
			}
			</style>            
            
            
            <style>
			.QTLCorrectStyle6			{
				background:left no-repeat url(https://animalpeopleforum.org/beyondhuman/wp-content/plugins/quiz-tool-lite/images/icons/correct/tick1.png) !important;
			}
			.QTLIncorrectStyle6			{				
				background:left no-repeat url(https://animalpeopleforum.org/beyondhuman/wp-content/plugins/quiz-tool-lite/images/icons/incorrect/cross1.png) !important;
			}
			</style>            
            
            
            <style>
			.QTLCorrectStyle7			{
				background:left no-repeat url(https://animalpeopleforum.org/beyondhuman/wp-content/plugins/quiz-tool-lite/images/icons/correct/tick1.png) !important;
			}
			.QTLIncorrectStyle7			{				
				background:left no-repeat url(https://animalpeopleforum.org/beyondhuman/wp-content/plugins/quiz-tool-lite/images/icons/incorrect/cross1.png) !important;
			}
			</style>            
            
            
            
            
            {"id":780,"date":"2015-05-05T03:51:18","date_gmt":"2015-05-05T03:51:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/?page_id=780"},"modified":"2016-05-28T05:47:20","modified_gmt":"2016-05-28T05:47:20","slug":"among-us-already","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/among-us-already\/","title":{"rendered":"Among Us Already&#8230;"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pf-content\"><section id=\"builder-section-1429494321726\" class=\"builder-section builder-section-first builder-section-text builder-section-last builder-text-columns-1\">\n<div class=\"builder-section-content\">\n<div class=\"builder-text-column builder-text-column-1\" id=\"builder-section-1429494321726-column-1\">\n<div class=\"builder-text-content\">\n<p><center><\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 620px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('video');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-780-1\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Star-Trek-Voyage-Home_-Whale-song2.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Star-Trek-Voyage-Home_-Whale-song2.mp4\">http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Star-Trek-Voyage-Home_-Whale-song2.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><\/center><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8220;You think this is the probe&#8217;s way of saying &#8216;Hi there!&#8217; to the people of Earth?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8220;There are other forms of intelligence on Earth, Doctor. Only human arrogance would assume the message must be meant for Man.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(\u00a9 1986 Paramount Pictures \/ CBS Studios, <a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/copyright-and-fair-use\/\">fair use<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">__<\/p>\n<p>Thanks to ongoing advances in space exploration and computer science, we may hope to encounter extraterrestrial life, or create sentient machines, within the not-too-distant future. Yet for all our searching for intelligence among the stars, or striving to create it in a laboratory, we often fail to realize that the Earth already teems with intelligent beings: other animals.<\/p>\n<p>For many centuries, scientists assumed that humans were the only intelligent species on Earth. It may appear self-evident that we are. After all, animals don&#8217;t reason, talk, or develop cultures or societies. Or do they? In recent decades, scientists have reconsidered many long-held assumptions about other animals, and discovered that many species are intelligent in ways never before thought possible.<\/p>\n<p>Just how smart are animals relative to humans? Find out for yourself! See if you can measure up to other species in these six interactive challenges!<\/p>\n<div id=\"squelch-taas-accordion-0\" class=\"squelch-taas-accordion squelch-taas-override\" data-active=\"0\" data-disabled=\"false\" data-autoheight=\"false\" data-collapsible=\"true\"><h3 id=\"squelch-taas-header-0\"><a href=\"#squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-0\">Challenge One: Tool Use<\/a><\/h3><div id=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-0\" class=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-0\">\n<div id=\"ttfmake-1421200852\" class=\"ttfmake-notice\" style=\"background-color: #030202; color: #ffffff; padding: 10px 20px; border: 2px solid #808080;\">\n<div id=\"theExam\"><div id=\"questionDiv\"><p>Imagine that you are a chimpanzee! You are hungry for termites, and need a tool to extract them from their mound.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Chimpanzee-interactive.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-846 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Chimpanzee-interactive.jpg\" alt=\"Chimpanzee interactive\" width=\"656\" height=\"507\" \/><\/a><br \/>\nWhich of the tools shown above would you use for the job?<\/p>\n<table width=\"90%\">\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option3\" name=\"question2\" value=\"3\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option3\"> A - a long, thin twig<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback3\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback3\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option4\" name=\"question2\" value=\"4\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option4\"> B - a sharpened stick<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback4\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback4\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option5\" name=\"question2\" value=\"5\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option5\"> C - a rock<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback5\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback5\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Check Answer\" onclick=\"checkExampleQuestionExampleAnswer(2, 'radio', '3', '3,4,5', '', '' );\"><!--QTLfeedbackStart--><div id=\"mainFeedbackDiv\"><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect2\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"correct QTLCorrectStyle2\">Correct<\/span><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect2\" class=\"correctFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff\"><blockquote><p><strong>Good choice! Chimpanzees use long twigs to fish termites out of their mounds. Once thought unique to humans, tool use is now known in many animals, including mammals, birds, fish, and invertebrates.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_632\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-632\" style=\"width: 219px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_fishing_for_termites.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-632\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_fishing_for_termites-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"219\" height=\"164\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-632\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bonobo, or \"pygmy chimpanzee,\" fishing for termites with a twig at the San Diego Zoo. (Photo credit: <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg\">Mike Richey<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>The other two tools shown are a sharpened stick (B), which chimps use as a spear to hunt other animals, and a rock hammer (C), used to crack open nuts. Chimpanzees have also been observed crafting multi-purpose tools, and using combinations of up to five different tools to extract honey from beehives.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_808\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-808\" style=\"width: 238px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Tuskfish.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-808\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Tuskfish-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"238\" height=\"170\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-808\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tuskfish have been observed using rocks as \"anvils\" to crack open shells (Photo credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/berniedup\/6085306517\/in\/photolist-fcT7tF-87Bei7-fd8rcf-r1SFVP-a788Du-6PiKmx-ehBGkW-9noGxX-ab1UMN-8eDX93-bF6zMA-9u2s3L-9tYsdB-cv6a7Q-nUqvyk-6qGtEx-bRed3V-9RzWcR-9EMisD-tPKs7-agJMBT-a3etMe-6H1Lz5-6m7Ke1-aA9LLE-5gBxXK-d8Xmeh-4zFMv9-9D6fST-8Ttd7i-8wjnb6-65xxxb-8KKV7G-8FH9Ez-cPA1Bh-9Kv4rC-8DREAq-amrp8J-aEt5eU-b1JuW8-dvUtTZ-arUVTE-duZE6F-cGXJkL-a2uD3U-aucxsZ-9RQhaa-9FSbAi-4yPxF9-2Vhihq\">Bernard DUPONT<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC BY-SA 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>Though well known now, Jane Goodall's discovery that chimpanzees use tools was revolutionary in 1960. Until that time, tool use was considered unique to humans, and sometimes even our species' defining trait. Its discovery in another species was so shocking that archaeologist Louis Leakey, Goodall's supervisor, remarked, <em>\"Now we must redefine 'tool,' redefine 'man,' or accept chimpanzees as humans.\"<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Today, tool use has been observed in many animal species, including other primates, elephants, sea otters, ravens, jays, octopuses, and even certain fish and insects. What would Leakey have said had the tuskfish been the first animal discovered using tools?<\/p>\n<p><em>(Image credits: Photos A and C supplied by curator; Photo B by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/steveharris\/4451421323\/in\/photolist-7MmGtv-7m9sZq-nwzHNH-rMCxU-4FytNk-dWPast-njeX2T-4vC9X6-bXy54L-bXxXrm-8kAxzM-8kDK2W-8kAxAc-ec9duL-683RNu-684bmm-67Zi5z-684yHu-6845Sm-67ZEYZ-683WKS-69dbiJ-67ZKPT-73W4qL-aH3Ft2-4riKTB-6oW13e-bQzbjn-4AU4jV-dmqvr6-4B9GLR-a3k443-9xJedx-7Tbyix-6xSphu-62ctTM-62gGQb-62ctze-62gGRL-62ctXF-62gGEA-62gGxw-62ctKg-62gGnS-62gGXh-62gGuW-62ctrk-62ctpK-s44H1C-eyntZm\">Steve Harris<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original; termite mound by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/nostri-imago\/2854860378\/in\/photolist-5mgUwE-jy9zUC-chttVm-8PUiMT-ck9MzS-fC39Ud-bqC3R6-mwH3h7-q3VXeA-4ij1A3-dNjd2G-ck9Nvj-ck9NaJ-ck9LH1-ck9MWj-ck9Mhw-caoyVS-9QVxZV-dNdCfT-gkxSfZ-k4Dk8R-gwrGjG-gx8eAG-gx3oJw-kgbE7y-kg99yv-qUDeKc-qC4LKq-mEaLTA-dNdCTP-chmhZq-fiyQKt-jd247P-aH98YK-8XSwT5-j4WHa1-fbXFuA-fiNNZ3-fbHjNV-dMH2Du-dNdDmZ-dNjdhQ-9oER9r-jdsZL9-fiyDbT-fiyECe-ckmLjY-eFVnGv-chmhaW-e6oZwD\">Cliff<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerInCorrect2\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"incorrect QTLIncorrectStyle2\">Incorrect<\/span><div class=\"incorrectFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff\"><blockquote><p><strong>Interesting choice, but it's not what a chimpanzee would use. Chimps use long twigs (A) to fish termites out of their mounds. Once thought unique to humans, tool use is now known in many animals, including mammals, birds, fish, and invertebrates.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_632\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-632\" style=\"width: 219px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_fishing_for_termites.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-632\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_fishing_for_termites-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"219\" height=\"164\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-632\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bonobo, or \"pygmy chimpanzee,\" fishing for termites with a twig at the San Diego Zoo. (Photo credit: <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg\">Mike Richey<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>The other two tools shown are a sharpened stick (B), which chimps use as a spear to hunt other animals, and a rock hammer (C), used to crack open nuts. Chimpanzees have also been observed crafting multi-purpose tools, and using combinations of up to five different tools to extract honey from beehives.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_808\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-808\" style=\"width: 238px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Tuskfish.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-808\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Tuskfish-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"238\" height=\"170\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-808\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tuskfish have been observed using rocks as \"anvils\" to crack open shells (Photo credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/berniedup\/6085306517\/in\/photolist-fcT7tF-87Bei7-fd8rcf-r1SFVP-a788Du-6PiKmx-ehBGkW-9noGxX-ab1UMN-8eDX93-bF6zMA-9u2s3L-9tYsdB-cv6a7Q-nUqvyk-6qGtEx-bRed3V-9RzWcR-9EMisD-tPKs7-agJMBT-a3etMe-6H1Lz5-6m7Ke1-aA9LLE-5gBxXK-d8Xmeh-4zFMv9-9D6fST-8Ttd7i-8wjnb6-65xxxb-8KKV7G-8FH9Ez-cPA1Bh-9Kv4rC-8DREAq-amrp8J-aEt5eU-b1JuW8-dvUtTZ-arUVTE-duZE6F-cGXJkL-a2uD3U-aucxsZ-9RQhaa-9FSbAi-4yPxF9-2Vhihq\">Bernard DUPONT<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC BY-SA 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>Though well known now, Jane Goodall's discovery that chimpanzees use tools was revolutionary in 1960. Until that time, tool use was considered unique to humans, and sometimes even our species' defining trait. Its discovery in another species was so shocking that archaeologist Louis Leakey, Goodall's supervisor, remarked, <em>\"Now we must redefine 'tool,' redefine 'man,' or accept chimpanzees as humans.\"<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Today, tool use has been observed in many animal species, including other primates, elephants, sea otters, ravens, jays, octopuses, and even certain fish and insects. What would Leakey have said had the tuskfish been the first animal discovered using tools?<\/p>\n<p><em>(Image credits: Photos A and C supplied by curator; Photo B by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/steveharris\/4451421323\/in\/photolist-7MmGtv-7m9sZq-nwzHNH-rMCxU-4FytNk-dWPast-njeX2T-4vC9X6-bXy54L-bXxXrm-8kAxzM-8kDK2W-8kAxAc-ec9duL-683RNu-684bmm-67Zi5z-684yHu-6845Sm-67ZEYZ-683WKS-69dbiJ-67ZKPT-73W4qL-aH3Ft2-4riKTB-6oW13e-bQzbjn-4AU4jV-dmqvr6-4B9GLR-a3k443-9xJedx-7Tbyix-6xSphu-62ctTM-62gGQb-62ctze-62gGRL-62ctXF-62gGEA-62gGxw-62ctKg-62gGnS-62gGXh-62gGuW-62ctrk-62ctpK-s44H1C-eyntZm\">Steve Harris<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original; termite mound by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/nostri-imago\/2854860378\/in\/photolist-5mgUwE-jy9zUC-chttVm-8PUiMT-ck9MzS-fC39Ud-bqC3R6-mwH3h7-q3VXeA-4ij1A3-dNjd2G-ck9Nvj-ck9NaJ-ck9LH1-ck9MWj-ck9Mhw-caoyVS-9QVxZV-dNdCfT-gkxSfZ-k4Dk8R-gwrGjG-gx8eAG-gx3oJw-kgbE7y-kg99yv-qUDeKc-qC4LKq-mEaLTA-dNdCTP-chmhZq-fiyQKt-jd247P-aH98YK-8XSwT5-j4WHa1-fbXFuA-fiNNZ3-fbHjNV-dMH2Du-dNdDmZ-dNjdhQ-9oER9r-jdsZL9-fiyDbT-fiyECe-ckmLjY-eFVnGv-chmhaW-e6oZwD\">Cliff<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!--QTLfeedbackEnd--><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div> <h3 id=\"squelch-taas-header-1\"><a href=\"#squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-1\">Challenge Two: Face Recognition<\/a><\/h3><div id=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-1\" class=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-1\">\n<div id=\"ttfmake-1421200852\" class=\"ttfmake-notice\" style=\"background-color: #030202; color: #ffffff; padding: 10px 20px; border: 2px solid #808080;\">\n<div id=\"theExam\"><div id=\"questionDiv\"><p>Imagine that you are a chicken! Here are some photos of the other members of your flock:<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Chicken-Face-Interactive.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-806 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Chicken-Face-Interactive.jpg\" alt=\"Microsoft Word - MUS 592 Poster Interactive.docx\" width=\"656\" height=\"551\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Two of these are actually the same chicken. Can you tell which? Select those that match:<\/p>\n<table width=\"90%\">\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"option6\" name=\"question4_option6\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option6\"> Chicken A<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback6\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback6\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"option7\" name=\"question4_option7\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option7\"> Chicken B<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback7\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback7\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"option8\" name=\"question4_option8\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option8\"> Chicken C<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback8\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback8\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"option9\" name=\"question4_option9\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option9\"> Chicken D<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback9\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback9\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Check Answer\" onclick=\"checkExampleQuestionExampleAnswer(4, 'check', '6,9', '6,7,8,9', '', '' );\"><!--QTLfeedbackStart--><div id=\"mainFeedbackDiv\"><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect4\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"correct QTLCorrectStyle4\">Correct<\/span><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect4\" class=\"correctFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff\"><blockquote><p><strong>Nice job! Both these photos show Klinka, a pet chicken rescued by curator Wolf Clifton and his mother Kim Bartlett. Chickens and many other animals can recognize faces, an important skill for social order and communication.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Chickens' ability to recognize faces is important for shaping and maintaining the \"pecking order,\" which determines each bird's food and mating access. Roosters will call out to hens when they find food, and hens use facial recognition to recall and preferentially mate with the best providers. They also remember and avoid males who call out deceptively, in an effort to trick them into mating (itself a sign of intelligence if not integrity).<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_807\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-807\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Sheep-faces.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-807 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Sheep-faces-300x186.jpg\" alt=\"Can you tell these sheep apart? Another sheep could. (Photo credit: Amanda Slater, used under CC BY-SA 2.0 \/ cropped from original)\" width=\"300\" height=\"186\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-807\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Can you tell these sheep apart? Another sheep could. (Photo credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/15181848@N02\/2236183227\/\">Amanda Slater<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC BY-SA 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>Facial recognition is common to many other animal species.\u00a0Primates, sheep, cattle, and dogs can even identify one another from 2D photographs. Many mammals communicate using facial expressions. While birds lack facial expressions, they can still communicate with their eyes, and some species can follow one another's gaze.<\/p>\n<p>Surprisingly, even some invertebrates - wasps, bees, and crayfish - appear to use facial recognition to distinguish between friends and enemies!<\/p>\n<p><em>(Image credits: Photo A and D \u00a9 Kim Bartlett; Photo B by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/markpetersphotography\/15201147325\">Mark Peters Photography<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC BY-SA 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original; Photo C by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/elias_daniel\/6727197375\/in\/photolist-bfsDpD-rMEJiT-rLuhGc-pgfic-7GKRH4-6XUUDu-4TT5F6-3dBj2j-46BFUJ-bPnE8Z-46xxYa-7kvCsd-4qHakh-9StZyx-3dBj33-3dBj2G-pXHJEV-6XUURy-67a9xX-ppk33U-6MskbR-k7ztNL-iwdtT1-67enP1-6MskbK-iwd7qk-k7zwfu-iwdu77-iwdzAv-jqbaR1-gCrC3a-a8ES7v-gCr4Z1-pVN3Y7-ps5eDf-86cktJ-869a34-869ace-6YBcDs-jioX6N-jwNhxX-7g5mLo-ieLXBx-gCs7Qi-k7zttN-p27cKf-pFsSdp-pFyeaA-p2a5FP-fdZtzz\">Elias Gayles<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerInCorrect4\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"incorrect QTLIncorrectStyle4\">Incorrect<\/span><div class=\"incorrectFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff\"><blockquote><p><strong>Nope, sorry! The correct answers are A and D, both of which show Klinka, a pet chicken rescued by curator Wolf Clifton and his mother Kim Bartlett. Chickens and many other animals can recognize faces, an important skill for social order and communication.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Chickens' ability to recognize faces is important for shaping and maintaining the \"pecking order,\" which determines each bird's food and mating access. Roosters will call out to hens when they find food, and hens use facial recognition to recall and preferentially mate with the best providers. They also remember and avoid males who call out deceptively, in an effort to trick them into mating (itself a sign of intelligence if not integrity).<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_807\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-807\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Sheep-faces.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-807 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Sheep-faces-300x186.jpg\" alt=\"Can you tell these sheep apart? Another sheep could. (Photo credit: Amanda Slater, used under CC BY-SA 2.0 \/ cropped from original)\" width=\"300\" height=\"186\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-807\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Can you tell these sheep apart? Another sheep could. (Photo credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/15181848@N02\/2236183227\/\">Amanda Slater<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC BY-SA 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>Facial recognition is common to many other animal species.\u00a0Primates, sheep, cattle, and dogs can even identify one another from 2D photographs. Many mammals communicate using facial expressions. While birds lack facial expressions, they can still communicate with their eyes, and some species can follow one another's gaze.<\/p>\n<p>Surprisingly, even some invertebrates - wasps, bees, and crayfish - appear to use facial recognition to distinguish between friends and enemies!<\/p>\n<p><em>(Image credits: Photo A and D \u00a9 Kim Bartlett; Photo B by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/markpetersphotography\/15201147325\">Mark Peters Photography<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC BY-SA 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original; Photo C by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/elias_daniel\/6727197375\/in\/photolist-bfsDpD-rMEJiT-rLuhGc-pgfic-7GKRH4-6XUUDu-4TT5F6-3dBj2j-46BFUJ-bPnE8Z-46xxYa-7kvCsd-4qHakh-9StZyx-3dBj33-3dBj2G-pXHJEV-6XUURy-67a9xX-ppk33U-6MskbR-k7ztNL-iwdtT1-67enP1-6MskbK-iwd7qk-k7zwfu-iwdu77-iwdzAv-jqbaR1-gCrC3a-a8ES7v-gCr4Z1-pVN3Y7-ps5eDf-86cktJ-869a34-869ace-6YBcDs-jioX6N-jwNhxX-7g5mLo-ieLXBx-gCs7Qi-k7zttN-p27cKf-pFsSdp-pFyeaA-p2a5FP-fdZtzz\">Elias Gayles<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!--QTLfeedbackEnd--><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div> <h3 id=\"squelch-taas-header-2\"><a href=\"#squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-2\">Challenge Three: Language<\/a><\/h3><div id=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-2\" class=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-2\">\n<div id=\"ttfmake-1421200852\" class=\"ttfmake-notice\" style=\"background-color: #030202; color: #ffffff; padding: 10px 20px; border: 2px solid #808080;\">\n<div id=\"theExam\"><div id=\"questionDiv\"><p><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Prairie-dog-interactive.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-809 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Prairie-dog-interactive.jpg\" alt=\"Prairie dog interactive\" width=\"656\" height=\"180\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Now you're a prairie dog! Listen to the three calls below, each of which describes a different potential threat.<\/p>\n<p>\"Coyote\"<\/p>\n<p><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('audio');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-780-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Coyote_.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Coyote_.mp3\">http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Coyote_.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<p>\"Domestic Dog\"<\/p>\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-780-2\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Domestic-Dog_.mp3?_=2\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Domestic-Dog_.mp3\">http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Domestic-Dog_.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<p>\"Human\"<\/p>\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-780-3\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Human_.mp3?_=3\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Human_.mp3\">http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Human_.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<p>Now listen to this call. What does it mean?<\/p>\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-780-4\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Cheep-Cheep-Cheep.mp3?_=4\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Cheep-Cheep-Cheep.mp3\">http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Cheep-Cheep-Cheep.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<table width=\"90%\">\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option11\" name=\"question5\" value=\"11\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option11\"> Danger! A dog!<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback11\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback11\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option10\" name=\"question5\" value=\"10\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option10\"> Crap! A coyote!<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback10\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback10\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option12\" name=\"question5\" value=\"12\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option12\"> Hide! A human!<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback12\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback12\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Check Answer\" onclick=\"checkExampleQuestionExampleAnswer(5, 'radio', '11', '11,12,10', '', '' );\"><!--QTLfeedbackStart--><div id=\"mainFeedbackDiv\"><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect5\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"correct QTLCorrectStyle5\">Correct<\/span><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect5\" class=\"correctFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff\"><blockquote><p><strong>You... are... CORRECT!!!<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><div style=\"width: 320px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-780-2\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Dramatic-Prairie-Dog.mp4?_=2\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Dramatic-Prairie-Dog.mp4\">http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Dramatic-Prairie-Dog.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Many animals have complex forms of communication. Prairie dogs come the closest known to having a full language.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Prairie dogs are not the only species to use different calls to describe different predators. Other squirrel species do as well, along with monkeys, meerkats, and chickens.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_862\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-862\" style=\"width: 183px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Prairie-dogs.jpg\"><img class=\" wp-image-862\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Prairie-dogs-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Prairie dogs (Photo credit: Rachel Andrew, used under CC BY-NC 2.0)\" width=\"183\" height=\"183\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-862\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prairie dogs (Photo credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/rachelandrew\/2304614760\/in\/photolist-4vDKFf-cQ31n-ksvrp-fzyUdp-nQW3pd-5qKCXk-5hgaLB-6tN7tj-fgXqA-6m7yL6-d9zuPG-2qxJf-5mMmBN-5CSa2T-5mH6hZ-f4WoUJ-4D2dqd-8e9epn-4TEmSu-kqhdgj-81Hv3R-4ro8TJ-GzrEf-6tN7um-8czVDB-pH6xu-6v2mXu-8NQ3S6-6tHYtM-fT6UB8-7eowpG----c3GWFE-dAcVW8-6zZh6G-a1QrZc-5LVuwm-5zc42K-69aGyN-7UbZBb-9KVger-qmD2i-qmD2o-arikmK-5G1Q9w-4PiaQh-qmH1d-nYmfw1\">Rachel Andrew<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC 2.0<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>Some animals can learn much more sophisticated forms of communication. These include great apes, who can be taught human sign language; dolphins, who can understand complex electronic \"languages;\" and African grey parrots, who can not only learn over 100 words of English, but its grammatical rules as well.<\/p>\n<p>In their natural setting, however, prairie dogs may come closest to speaking a \"language\" all their own. As shown in experiments by Dr. Con Slobodchikoff (the human above), prairie dogs do more than just use different calls for different natural predators. They can also use adjectives, modifying their calls to convey additional information. Prairie dogs can communicate whether an object is large or small, circular or triangular, and even whether a human is wearing a blue or yellow shirt!<\/p>\n<p><em>(Credits: Sound files and photo of Dr. Slobodchikoff courtesy Dr. Con Slobodchikoff. Coyote photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/larry1732\/5500020485\/in\/photolist-9o23tp-9o56yE-dUjyEv-eRPhNX-cckvWC-b543fa-6YyaKg-neaqHY-9cXtJr-8cuhSz-eS1APS-9SAjbJ-rLgEnE-nAeYtz-6rxG3W-ctwubj-nVRhN7-9yEc3r-3itdNH-ghBzzq-o4Y27E-auB27o-4FvpCX-aP3Pp8-5CWPSn-oCXKw6-69uSEX-pW4pEq-eS1ALf-8Q3eT-7dhPQE-qmAc96-nREUSg-8LGMNF-dXZ8y2-5Z3zBu-nUYtMA-eAUznq-bnWwGU-mUAUdc-3QpWxS-ozgC96-6fQe2U-7CQZ6H-fSXy6X-4Xw1jW-gBRu6e-8KZgnp-34de1c-hsQr8\">Larry Lamsa<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original. Domestic dog photo \u00a9 Kim Bartlett.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerInCorrect5\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"incorrect QTLIncorrectStyle5\">Incorrect<\/span><div class=\"incorrectFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff\"><blockquote><p><strong>You... are... INCORRECT!!!<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><div style=\"width: 320px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-780-3\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Dramatic-Prairie-Dog.mp4?_=3\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Dramatic-Prairie-Dog.mp4\">http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Dramatic-Prairie-Dog.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>The correct answer is \"Domestic Dog.\"\u00a0Many animals have complex forms of communication. Prairie dogs come the closest known to having a full language. <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Prairie dogs are not the only species to use different calls to describe different predators. Other squirrel species do as well, along with monkeys, meerkats, and chickens.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_862\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-862\" style=\"width: 183px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Prairie-dogs.jpg\"><img class=\" wp-image-862\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Prairie-dogs-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Prairie dogs (Photo credit: Rachel Andrew, used under CC BY-NC 2.0)\" width=\"183\" height=\"183\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-862\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prairie dogs (Photo credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/rachelandrew\/2304614760\/in\/photolist-4vDKFf-cQ31n-ksvrp-fzyUdp-nQW3pd-5qKCXk-5hgaLB-6tN7tj-fgXqA-6m7yL6-d9zuPG-2qxJf-5mMmBN-5CSa2T-5mH6hZ-f4WoUJ-4D2dqd-8e9epn-4TEmSu-kqhdgj-81Hv3R-4ro8TJ-GzrEf-6tN7um-8czVDB-pH6xu-6v2mXu-8NQ3S6-6tHYtM-fT6UB8-7eowpG----c3GWFE-dAcVW8-6zZh6G-a1QrZc-5LVuwm-5zc42K-69aGyN-7UbZBb-9KVger-qmD2i-qmD2o-arikmK-5G1Q9w-4PiaQh-qmH1d-nYmfw1\">Rachel Andrew<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC 2.0<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>Some animals can learn much more sophisticated forms of communication. These include great apes, who can be taught human sign language; dolphins, who can understand complex electronic \"languages;\" and African grey parrots, who can not only learn over 100 words of English, but its grammatical rules as well.<\/p>\n<p>In their natural setting, however, prairie dogs may come closest to speaking a \"language\" all their own. As shown in experiments by Dr. Con Slobodchikoff (the human above), prairie dogs do more than just use different calls for different natural predators. They can also use adjectives, modifying their calls to convey additional information. Prairie dogs can communicate whether an object is large or small, circular or triangular, and even whether a human is wearing a blue or yellow shirt!<\/p>\n<p><em>(Credits: Sound files and photo of Dr. Slobodchikoff courtesy Dr. Con Slobodchikoff. Coyote photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/larry1732\/5500020485\/in\/photolist-9o23tp-9o56yE-dUjyEv-eRPhNX-cckvWC-b543fa-6YyaKg-neaqHY-9cXtJr-8cuhSz-eS1APS-9SAjbJ-rLgEnE-nAeYtz-6rxG3W-ctwubj-nVRhN7-9yEc3r-3itdNH-ghBzzq-o4Y27E-auB27o-4FvpCX-aP3Pp8-5CWPSn-oCXKw6-69uSEX-pW4pEq-eS1ALf-8Q3eT-7dhPQE-qmAc96-nREUSg-8LGMNF-dXZ8y2-5Z3zBu-nUYtMA-eAUznq-bnWwGU-mUAUdc-3QpWxS-ozgC96-6fQe2U-7CQZ6H-fSXy6X-4Xw1jW-gBRu6e-8KZgnp-34de1c-hsQr8\">Larry Lamsa<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY 2.0<\/a> \/ cropped from original. Domestic dog photo \u00a9 Kim Bartlett.)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!--QTLfeedbackEnd--><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><h3 id=\"squelch-taas-header-3\"><a href=\"#squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-3\">Challenge Four: Abstract Symbols<\/a><\/h3><div id=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-3\" class=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-3\">\n<div id=\"ttfmake-1421200852\" class=\"ttfmake-notice\" style=\"background-color: #030202; color: #ffffff; padding: 10px 20px; border: 2px solid #808080;\">\n<div id=\"theExam\"><div id=\"questionDiv\"><p>You've become a honeybee! Each of these mazes leads to some delicious sugar, if you solve it properly! Examine the first three, and see if you can tell what the correct routes all have in common!<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Bee-Maze-Interactive.jpg\"><img class=\" wp-image-393 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Bee-Maze-Interactive.jpg\" alt=\"Bee Maze Interactive\" width=\"656\" height=\"875\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Now solve the bottom maze! Which path leads to the sugar?<\/p>\n<table width=\"90%\">\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option13\" name=\"question6\" value=\"13\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option13\"> Left<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback13\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback13\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option14\" name=\"question6\" value=\"14\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option14\"> Right<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback14\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback14\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Check Answer\" onclick=\"checkExampleQuestionExampleAnswer(6, 'radio', '13', '13,14', '', '' );\"><!--QTLfeedbackStart--><div id=\"mainFeedbackDiv\"><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect6\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"correct QTLCorrectStyle6\">Correct<\/span><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect6\" class=\"correctFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff\"><blockquote><p><strong>Yes! The symbol for the correct path is always the same as the symbol at the maze's entrance. Honeybees can solve this puzzle using abstract thought, despite having less than a million total brain cells.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_810\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-810\" style=\"width: 261px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/bee-brain-white.jpg\"><img class=\" wp-image-810\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/bee-brain-white-300x176.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of a honeybee's brain (Image courtesy Dr. Martin Giurfa)\" width=\"261\" height=\"153\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-810\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of a honeybee's brain (Image courtesy <a href=\"http:\/\/cognition.ups-tlse.fr\/pami\/pamiEn.html\">Dr. Martin Giurfa<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_705\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-705\" style=\"width: 209px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/605px-Bee_waggle_dance.png\"><img class=\"  wp-image-705\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/605px-Bee_waggle_dance-300x297.png\" alt=\"605px-Bee_waggle_dance\" width=\"209\" height=\"207\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-705\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"Travel 45 degrees to the right of the sun as seen from the hive entrance,\" in waggle dance (from <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosbiology\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020216\">Chittka, Lars. \"Dances as Windows into Insect Perception.\" PLoS Biology 2, no. 7 (July 2004), e216.<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>The honeybee, whose brain is just a millimeter across and contain less than a million neurons, may seem a poor candidate for intelligence of any sort, let alone abstract thought. Yet honeybees can solve the puzzle shown above by learning the abstract rule \"same symbols lead to sugar.\" They can also extrapolate across senses, so that a bee taught using colors will apply the same rule to odors as well.<\/p>\n<p>Honeybees display other forms of intelligence, too. They can override their own instincts, learning in controlled settings to target differently colored flowers than they would in nature. In collecting nectar, they navigate using landmarks to guide them to and from the hive. They even communicate with one another through body language, using elaborate \"waggle dances\" to convey both the direction and distance of food sources and nest sites.<\/p>\n<p>Such abilities demonstrate that even seemingly simple creatures, with only the tiniest of brains, can prove to be surprisingly smart!<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerInCorrect6\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"incorrect QTLIncorrectStyle6\">Incorrect<\/span><div class=\"incorrectFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff\"><blockquote><p><strong>Sorry, no sugar for you! Look at the top mazes again - the symbol for the correct path is always the same as the one at the maze's entrance. Honeybees can solve this puzzle using abstract thought, despite having less than a million total brain cells.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_810\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-810\" style=\"width: 261px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/bee-brain-white.jpg\"><img class=\" wp-image-810\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/bee-brain-white-300x176.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of a honeybee's brain (Image courtesy Dr. Martin Giurfa)\" width=\"261\" height=\"153\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-810\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of a honeybee's brain (Image courtesy <a href=\"http:\/\/cognition.ups-tlse.fr\/pami\/pamiEn.html\">Dr. Martin Giurfa<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_705\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-705\" style=\"width: 209px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/605px-Bee_waggle_dance.png\"><img class=\"  wp-image-705\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/605px-Bee_waggle_dance-300x297.png\" alt=\"605px-Bee_waggle_dance\" width=\"209\" height=\"207\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-705\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"Travel 45 degrees to the right of the sun as seen from the hive entrance,\" in waggle dance (from <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosbiology\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020216\">Chittka, Lars. \"Dances as Windows into Insect Perception.\" PLoS Biology 2, no. 7 (July 2004), e216.<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>The honeybee, whose brain is just a millimeter across and contain less than a million neurons, may seem a poor candidate for intelligence of any sort. Yet honeybees can solve the puzzle shown above by learning the abstract rule \"same symbols lead to sugar.\" They can also extrapolate across senses, so that a bee taught using colors will apply the same rule to odors as well.<\/p>\n<p>Honeybees display other forms of intelligence, too. They can override their own instincts, learning in controlled settings to target differently colored flowers than they would in nature. In collecting nectar, they navigate using landmarks to guide them to and from the hive. They even communicate with one another through body language, using elaborate \"waggle dances\" to convey both the direction and distance of food sources and nest sites.<\/p>\n<p>Such abilities demonstrate that even seemingly simple creatures, with only the tiniest of brains, can prove to be surprisingly smart!<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!--QTLfeedbackEnd--><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div> <h3 id=\"squelch-taas-header-4\"><a href=\"#squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-4\">Challenge Five: Exclusion Learning<\/a><\/h3><div id=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-4\" class=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-4\">\n<div id=\"ttfmake-1421200852\" class=\"ttfmake-notice\" style=\"background-color: #030202; color: #ffffff; padding: 10px 20px; border: 2px solid #808080;\">\n<div id=\"theExam\"><div id=\"questionDiv\"><p>Now you're a dog! Specifically, a border collie. Here are some of your toys:<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Exclusion-learning-interactive.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-811 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Exclusion-learning-interactive.jpg\" alt=\"Exclusion learning interactive\" width=\"656\" height=\"180\" \/><\/a><br \/>\nThe stuffed coyote is named \"Salem,\" and the California raisin figurines are the \"Raisin Geeks.\" Which toy is \"Pokintail?\"<\/p>\n<table width=\"90%\">\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option15\" name=\"question7\" value=\"15\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option15\"> Toy A<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback15\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback15\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option16\" name=\"question7\" value=\"16\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option16\"> Toy B<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback16\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback16\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"8\" valign=\"top\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"option17\" name=\"question7\" value=\"17\"><\/td><td><label for=\"option17\"> Toy C<\/label> <span id=\"correctFeedback17\" class=\"successText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span> <span id=\"incorrectFeedback17\" class=\"failText\" style=\"display:none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Check Answer\" onclick=\"checkExampleQuestionExampleAnswer(7, 'radio', '15', '15,16,17', '', '' );\"><!--QTLfeedbackStart--><div id=\"mainFeedbackDiv\"><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect7\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"correct QTLCorrectStyle7\">Correct<\/span><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerCorrect7\" class=\"correctFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff\"><blockquote><p><strong>Yes, the whale is called \"Pokintail!\" You figured this out through <em>exclusion learning<\/em>; because you knew the names of the other objects, you could deduce that \"Pokintail\" referred to the one whose name you didn't know. Besides humans, only border collies, dolphins, and sea lions are known to learn by exclusion. Chimpanzees, our closest relatives, are not.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_812\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-812\" style=\"width: 169px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Samantha-collie.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-812 \" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Samantha-collie-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"Border collies have been shown to learn the names of new toys via exclusion (Photo credit: Trevis Rothwell, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 \" width=\"169\" height=\"254\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-812\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Border collies have been shown to learn the names of new toys via exclusion (Photo credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/trothwell\/6534475005\/in\/photolist-aXqTLa-cxHABE-9KguQq-baLP3a-H4Feb-SGJdb-4sbHQw-4uT1cZ-ev3aQJ-t9TDT-6w7z7Q-pXuL4T-3VHpUc-pbHDm2-QDCvc-5YkBND-qT4D6G-q3oh2c-q2R6EX-8ywVRg-Kig4A-4brkLS-FtmMt-7311HX-dTfHiW-oZKKVh-mqcvnK-2b8Gki-qDsVte-e8UY6d-qG3vv9-8LBxCY-n8zGt2-7CK7nJ-5EwVZK-cxHyQS-5Lqt3t-oUcJZN-cinUBb-5kSWuT-5WP3Uw-p97MLE-5n8GX7-4dwkhH-oc7VV-2s5cV-p6RFCi-ytJBx-58WLuQ-eiwT2d\">Trevis Rothwell<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>We can take at least two broader lessons from the rarity of exclusion learning among animals. One is that some forms of intelligence really are uncommon. Although many animals are intelligent in specific ways, few if any share the same general range of cognitive abilities as humans.<\/p>\n<p>The other lesson is that evolution is not a vertical ladder culminating in our species. Intelligence has evolved separately in many different creatures. Therefore, even if our closest relatives seem to lack our abilities, this still does not mean that we are truly the only animals to possess them.<\/p>\n<p><em>(curator's note: the toys chosen for this interactive, names included, were my own childhood favorites!)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>_<\/p>\n<p>_<\/p>\n<p>_<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"exampleQuestionAnswerInCorrect7\" class=\"qtl_hidden\"><span class=\"incorrect QTLIncorrectStyle7\">Incorrect<\/span><div class=\"incorrectFeedbackDiv\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff\"><blockquote><p><strong>Nope - \"Pokintail\" is the stuffed whale! If you had mastered <em>exclusion learning<\/em>, you could deduce that because you knew the names of the other objects, \"Pokintail\" must refer to the one whose name you didn't know. Besides humans, only border collies, dolphins, and sea lions are known to learn by exclusion. Chimpanzees, our closest relatives, are not.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_812\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-812\" style=\"width: 169px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Samantha-collie.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-812 \" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Samantha-collie-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"Border collies have been shown to learn the names of new toys via exclusion (Photo credit: Trevis Rothwell, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 \" width=\"169\" height=\"254\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-812\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Border collies have been shown to learn the names of new toys via exclusion (Photo credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/trothwell\/6534475005\/in\/photolist-aXqTLa-cxHABE-9KguQq-baLP3a-H4Feb-SGJdb-4sbHQw-4uT1cZ-ev3aQJ-t9TDT-6w7z7Q-pXuL4T-3VHpUc-pbHDm2-QDCvc-5YkBND-qT4D6G-q3oh2c-q2R6EX-8ywVRg-Kig4A-4brkLS-FtmMt-7311HX-dTfHiW-oZKKVh-mqcvnK-2b8Gki-qDsVte-e8UY6d-qG3vv9-8LBxCY-n8zGt2-7CK7nJ-5EwVZK-cxHyQS-5Lqt3t-oUcJZN-cinUBb-5kSWuT-5WP3Uw-p97MLE-5n8GX7-4dwkhH-oc7VV-2s5cV-p6RFCi-ytJBx-58WLuQ-eiwT2d\">Trevis Rothwell<\/a>, used under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p>We can take at least two broader lessons from the rarity of exclusion learning among animals. One is that some forms of intelligence really are uncommon. Although many animals are intelligent in specific ways, few if any share the same general range of cognitive abilities as humans.<\/p>\n<p>The other lesson is that evolution is not a vertical ladder culminating in our species. Intelligence has evolved separately in many different creatures. Therefore, even if our closest relatives seem to lack our abilities, this still does not mean that we are truly the only animals to possess them.<\/p>\n<p><em>(curator's note: the toys chosen for this interactive, names included, were my own childhood favorites!)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>_<\/p>\n<p>_<\/p>\n<p>_<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!--QTLfeedbackEnd--><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><h3 id=\"squelch-taas-header-5\"><a href=\"#squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-5\">Challenge Six: Culture<\/a><\/h3><div id=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-5\" class=\"squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content squelch-taas-accordion-shortcode-content-5\">\n<div id=\"ttfmake-1421200852\" class=\"ttfmake-notice\" style=\"background-color: #030202; color: #ffffff; padding: 10px 20px; border: 2px solid #808080;\">\n<p>Finally, you have become a female Vogelkop bowerbird! Male bowerbirds construct elaborate &#8220;bowers&#8221; to attract mates. Take a look at the beautiful bowers your suitors have prepared for you:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Bowerbird-interactive.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-867 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Bowerbird-interactive.jpg\" alt=\"Bowerbird interactive\" width=\"656\" height=\"1083\" srcset=\"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Bowerbird-interactive.jpg 656w, <a href=\"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Bowerbird-interactive-182x300.jpg\">https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Bowerbird-interactive-182x300.jpg<\/a> 182w, <a href=\"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Bowerbird-interactive-620x1024.jpg\">https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Bowerbird-interactive-620x1024.jpg<\/a> 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 656px) 100vw, 656px\" \/><\/a><br \/> <style>\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 input{\r\n\t\t\t\tpadding:0px !important;\r\n\t\t\t\tmargin\t:0px !important;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 .main_div_of_the_poll_answer{\r\n\t\t\t\tbackground-color: rgba(255,255,255,1);\r\n\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\theight: 23px;\r\n\t\t\t\tmargin-bottom: 5px;\r\n\t\t\t\tborder-width:1px;\r\n\t\t\t\tborder-radius:5px;\r\n\t\t\t\tborder-style:outset;\r\n\t\t\t\tborder-color:#3b5998;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 .main_div_of_the_poll_answer:hover{\r\n\t\t\t\tbackground-color: rgba(255,255,255,1);\r\n\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\theight: 23px;\r\n\t\t\t\tborder-width:1px;\r\n\t\t\t\tborder-radius:5px;\r\n\t\t\t\tborder-style:outset;\r\n\t\t\t\tborder-color:#3b5998;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 .main_div_of_the_poll_answer .poll_answer_title{\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-size: 14px;\r\n\t\t\t\ttop: 4px;\r\n\t\t\t\tleft: 5px;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 .main_div_of_the_poll_answer:hover .poll_answer_title{\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-size: 14px;\r\n\t\t\t\ttop: 4px;\r\n\t\t\t\tleft: 5px;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 .main_div_of_the_poll_answer .pracents_of_the_poll{\r\n\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #afafaf;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 .main_div_of_the_poll_answer:hover .pracents_of_the_poll{\r\n\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #afafaf;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 .main_div_of_the_poll_answer .poll_answer_title{\r\n\t\t\t\tcolor: #0c0101;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-style: italic;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 .main_div_of_the_poll_answer:hover .poll_answer_title{\r\n\t\t\t\tcolor: #0c0101;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-style: italic;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 .main_div_of_the_poll_answer .poll_span_voted_count{\r\n\t\t\t\tdisplay:none;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-size: 13px;\r\n\t\t\t\tright: 7px;\r\n\t\t\t\ttop: 5px;\r\n\t\t\t\tcolor: #878787;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-family: Arial Narrow,Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-style: italic;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 .main_div_of_the_poll_answer:hover .poll_span_voted_count{\r\n\t\t\t\tdisplay:inline-block;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-size: 13px;\r\n\t\t\t\tright: 7px;\r\n\t\t\t\ttop: 5px;\r\n\t\t\t\tcolor: #878787;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-family: Arial Narrow,Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-style: italic;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t.poll_main_div_1 .radio_or_select_span{\r\n\t\t\t\tpadding-bottom: 2px;\r\n\t\t\t}\t\r\n    \t<\/style><div class=\"poll_main_div_1 poll_min_div_cur_answer_1 wpdevartpoll\"><div class=\"poll_question\">Which bower is your favorite? This time there's no one correct answer - just pick the one you like the best!<\/div><div class=\"div_with_ceckbox_or_select poll_element_1\"><span class=\"radio_or_select_span\"><input onclick=\"send_to_databese(1,1)\" class=\"poll_inputs\" type=\"radio\" name=\"poll_1\" value=\"1\" ><\/span><div class=\"div_only_answer\"><div class=\"main_div_of_the_poll_answer\" onclick=\"clicked_in_poll_div(this,1,1)\" title=\"Bower A\"><div class=\"pracents_of_the_poll colorwell\" style=\"width: 33.333333333333%;\"><\/div><div class=\"polllabel\"><span class=\"poll_answer_title\">Bower A<\/span><\/div><div class=\"poll_div_voted_count\"><span class=\"poll_span_voted_count\"> 24 Vote<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"div_with_ceckbox_or_select poll_element_2\"><span class=\"radio_or_select_span\"><input onclick=\"send_to_databese(1,1)\" class=\"poll_inputs\" type=\"radio\" name=\"poll_1\" value=\"2\" ><\/span><div class=\"div_only_answer\"><div class=\"main_div_of_the_poll_answer\" onclick=\"clicked_in_poll_div(this,1,1)\" title=\"Bower B\"><div class=\"pracents_of_the_poll colorwell\" style=\"width: 38.888888888889%;\"><\/div><div class=\"polllabel\"><span class=\"poll_answer_title\">Bower B<\/span><\/div><div class=\"poll_div_voted_count\"><span class=\"poll_span_voted_count\"> 28 Vote<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"div_with_ceckbox_or_select poll_element_3\"><span class=\"radio_or_select_span\"><input onclick=\"send_to_databese(1,1)\" class=\"poll_inputs\" type=\"radio\" name=\"poll_1\" value=\"3\" ><\/span><div class=\"div_only_answer\"><div class=\"main_div_of_the_poll_answer\" onclick=\"clicked_in_poll_div(this,1,1)\" title=\"Bower C\"><div class=\"pracents_of_the_poll colorwell\" style=\"width: 27.777777777778%;\"><\/div><div class=\"polllabel\"><span class=\"poll_answer_title\">Bower C<\/span><\/div><div class=\"poll_div_voted_count\"><span class=\"poll_span_voted_count\"> 20 Vote<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<div id=\"ttfmake-1421200852\" class=\"ttfmake-notice\" style=\"background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; padding: 10px 20px; border: 2px solid #808080;\">\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>You may notice that certain bowers have proven more popular with other visitors. Our tastes for colors and shapes are partly conditioned by our <em>cultures<\/em>, evolving systems of behavior passed across generations. Bowerbirds and orcas also appear to have cultures!<br \/> <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_707\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-707\" style=\"width: 227px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/bowerbird-7-e1426070981679.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-707\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/bowerbird-7-e1426070981679-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"Bowerbird in front of his nest (credit: &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/thewildernessalternative.com\/2012\/12\/09\/the-constant-gardener-vogelkop-bowerbird\/&quot;&gt;The Wilderness Alternative&lt;\/a&gt; )\" width=\"227\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/bowerbird-7-e1426070981679-300x215.jpg 300w, <a href=\"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/bowerbird-7-e1426070981679.jpg\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-707\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/bowerbird-7-e1426070981679.jpg<\/a> 680w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/a> Bowerbird in front of his nest (Photo \u00a9 Yann Muzika, <a href=\"http:\/\/thewildernessalternative.com\/2012\/12\/09\/the-constant-gardener-vogelkop-bowerbird\/\">The Wilderness Alternative<\/a> )<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Bowerbirds first learn to make bowers by imitating older males, but as they get older will experiment with different shapes and decorations. Different populations of Vogelkop bowerbirds, living in distant regions, vary widely in the designs of their bowers, showing the development of distinct cultures similar to human art styles.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_708\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-708\" style=\"width: 130px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/448px-Type_C_Orcas.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-708\" src=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/448px-Type_C_Orcas-224x300.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Type C&quot; orcas, another distinct culture native to Antarctica (source: Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"130\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/448px-Type_C_Orcas-224x300.jpg 224w, <a href=\"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/448px-Type_C_Orcas.jpg\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-708\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/448px-Type_C_Orcas.jpg<\/a> 448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 130px) 100vw, 130px\" \/><\/a> &#8220;Type C&#8221; orcas, another distinct culture native to Antarctica (Source:<br \/> <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Type_C_Orcas.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Orcas, or killer whales, also appear to have culture. Orcas living off the Pacific Northwest coast of North America have been classified into four distinct &#8220;clans.&#8221; These distinct cultures overlap in territory but use different sounds to communicate, feed on different prey animals, and engage in different types of play. Within each orca culture, there are multiple &#8220;subcultures,&#8221; smaller groups which vary their calls in a manner much like human accents!<\/p>\n<p><em>(Image credits: Photos of bowerbird bowers \u00a9 Yann Muzika, <a href=\"http:\/\/thewildernessalternative.com\/2012\/12\/09\/the-constant-gardener-vogelkop-bowerbird\/\">The Wilderness Alternative<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>__<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<p><a title=\"References\" href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/references\/\" target=\"_blank\">See References<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">NEXT:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a title=\"What Can Animals Tell Us?\" href=\"http:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/what-can-animals-tell-us\/\">What Can Animals Tell Us About ETs and AIs?<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section><\/div><div><div style=\"padding-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:10pt;font-family:arial;font-weight:bold;\">Did you like this? Share it:<\/div><div class=simplesocial><a href=\"http:\/\/twitter.com\/share\" data-url=\"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/among-us-already\/\" data-text=\"Among+Us+Already%26%238230%3B\" class=\"twitter-share-button\" data-count=\"horizontal\">Tweet<\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"http:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\"><\/script><\/div><div class=simplesocial><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F&layout=standard&show_faces=false&width=450&action=like&colorscheme=light&height=35\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:450px; height:25px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div><div style=\"clear:both\"><\/div><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,500,400)\" title=\"Share on Facebook\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/facebook.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/share.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F&t=Among+Us+Already%26%238230%3B\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,812,420)\" title=\"Share on Twitter\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/twitter.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/twitter.com\/home?status=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,435,500)\" title=\"Email a Friend\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/email.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.freetellafriend.com\/tell\/?heading=Share+This+Article&bg=1&option=email&url=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,750,500)\" title=\"Share on Blogger\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/blogger.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog_this.pyra?t&u=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F&n=Among+Us+Already%26%238230%3B&pli=1\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,890,550)\" title=\"Share on Delicious\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/delicious.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/del.icio.us\/post?url=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F&title=Among+Us+Already%26%238230%3B\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,812,420)\" title=\"Share on Digg\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/digg.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/digg.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F&title=Among+Us+Already%26%238230%3B\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,750,500)\" title=\"Share on Google\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/google.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/bookmarks\/mark?op=add&bkmk=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F&title=Among+Us+Already%26%238230%3B\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,812,420)\" title=\"Share on Myspace\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/myspace.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myspace.com\/Modules\/PostTo\/Pages\/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F&t=Among+Us+Already%26%238230%3B&c=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,750,500)\" title=\"Share on StumbleUpon\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/stumbleupon.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.stumbleupon.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F&title=Among+Us+Already%26%238230%3B\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,900,550)\" title=\"Share on Yahoo\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/yahoo.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/buzz.yahoo.com\/buzz?targetUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F&headline=Among+Us+Already%26%238230%3B\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,700,500)\" title=\"Share on Reddit\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/reddit.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/reddit.com\/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F&title=Among+Us+Already%26%238230%3B\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial onclick=\"return simplesocial(this,812,500)\" title=\"Share on Technorati\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/technorati.png)\" href=\"http:\/\/technorati.com\/faves?sub=favthis&add=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalpeopleforum.org%2Fbeyondhuman%2Famong-us-already%2F\"><\/a><a class=simplesocial title=\"RSS Feed\" style=\"background:url(https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-content\/plugins\/simple-social-sharing-widgets-icons\/icons_32\/rss.png)\" href=\"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/?feed=rss2\"><\/a><\/div><div style=\"clear:both;margin-bottom:20px\"><\/div>\n<script>\nfunction zbpShare(url) {\n  var sharer = 'https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u='+url;\n  window.open(sharer, 'sharer', 'width=626,height=436');\n  return false;\n}\nvar zbPregResult = '0';\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 &#8220;You think this is the probe&#8217;s way of saying &#8216;Hi there!&#8217; to the people of Earth?&#8221; &#8220;There are other forms of intelligence on Earth, Doctor. Only human arrogance would assume the message must be meant for Man.&#8221; Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (\u00a9 1986 Paramount Pictures \/ CBS Studios, fair use) __ Thanks &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-builder.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/780"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=780"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/780\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":873,"href":"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/780\/revisions\/873"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/animalpeopleforum.org\/beyondhuman\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=780"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}